Installing Dovecot and sieve on a vpopmail + qmail server

February 15, 2025 by Roberto Puzzanghera 105 comments

Overview
Installing
Configuring
Download my dovecot's config files
dovecot.conf
10-auth.conf
auth-sql.conf.ext
10-logging.conf
Logrotate
10-mail.conf
10-master.conf
10-metrics.conf
10-ssl.conf
15-lda.conf
15-mailboxes.conf
20-imap.conf
20-pop3.conf
90-quota.conf

Changelog

Feb 15, 2025
- added support for vpopmail configured with --disable-many-domains
- 90-sieve.conf: global script move-spam.sieve called correctly
Feb 8, 2025
- dovecot_postlogin.sh: query changed in order to add new records as well (tx Bai Borko)
- bug fix: pop3 service was executing imap instead of pop3 (tx Gabriel Torres)
Jan 29, 2025
- dovecot upgraded to v. 2.4.0. Old configuration files are not valid anymore and you have to install dovecot from scratch.
Nov 15, 2024
- added a postlogin script to update the vpopmail.lastauth SQL table on login (see 10-master.conf, thanks kengheng)
Dec 29, 2023
default_pass_scheme = SHA512-CRYPT (was MD5-CRYPT) in dovecot-sql.conf.ext, as vpopmail-5.6.x has now SHA512-CRYPT password by default

Overview

Info: http://www.dovecot.org/
Documentation: https://doc.dovecot.org/
My config files (github)
Download: https://www.dovecot.org/releases/2.4/
Version: dovecot-2.4.0

Dovecot is an open source IMAP and POP3 email server for Linux/UNIX-like systems, written with security primarily in mind. Dovecot is an excellent choice for both small and large installations. It's fast, simple to set up, requires no special administration and it uses very little memory.

Installing

DOVECOT_VER=2.4.0

cd /usr/local/src
wget https://www.dovecot.org/releases/2.4/dovecot-${DOVECOT_VER}.tar.gz
tar xzf dovecot-${DOVECOT_VER}.tar.gz
chown -R root:root dovecot-${DOVECOT_VER}
cd dovecot-${DOVECOT_VER}

./configure \ 
   --prefix=/usr/local/dovecot \ 
   --with-sql \ 
   --with-mysql \ 
   --with-ldap \ 
   --without-pam \ 
   --without-pgsql \ 
   --without-sqlite \ 
   --with-solr \ 
   --with-bzlib \ 
   --with-lz4

Install prefix . : /usr/local/dovecot 
File offsets ... : 64bit 
I/O polling .... : epoll 
I/O notifys .... : inotify 
SSL ............ : openssl 
GSSAPI ......... : no 
passdbs ........ : static passwd passwd-file ldap sql 
                : -pam -bsdauth 
userdbs ........ : static prefetch passwd passwd-file ldap sql 
CFLAGS ......... : -std=gnu11 -g -O2 -fstack-protector-strong -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -mfunction-return=keep -mindirect-b
ranch=keep -Wall -W -Wmissing-prototypes -Wmissing-declarations -Wpointer-arith -Wchar-subscripts -Wformat=2 -Wbad-function-cast -fno-b
uiltin-strftime -Wstrict-aliasing=2  
SYSTEMD ........ : simple - (no unit file) 
SQL drivers .... : mysql 
                : -pgsql -sqlite -cassandra 
Full text search : solr flatcurve

In case you are compiling in a systemd environment you may need to add "--with-systemd systemdsystemunitdir" option to your configure (thanks to Bob Greco), for example:

--with-systemd \
systemdsystemunitdir=/lib/systemd/system

Check if SSL was detected and if the sql/mysql authentication backend is supported. Compile:

make

If the old dovecot is running, stop it and delete the symbolic link before installing:

dovecotctl stop
rm /usr/local/dovecot
make install

cd /usr/local
mv dovecot dovecot-${DOVECOT_VER}
ln -s dovecot-${DOVECOT_VER} dovecot

This installs dovecot in /usr/local/dovecot.

Configuring

Create the dovecot user/group, the log and the run directories.

groupadd dovecot
useradd -g dovecot dovecot
useradd -g dovecot dovenull

mkdir -p /var/log/dovecot 
touch /var/log/dovecot/dovecot.log
chgrp vchkpw /var/log/dovecot/dovecot.log
chmod 660 /var/log/dovecot/dovecot.log

mkdir -p /usr/local/dovecot/var/run/dovecot
chown dovenull:dovecot /usr/local/dovecot/var/run/dovecot

Starting from version 2.4.0 no example config files are shipped with the sources, but they were ported once in the dovecot mailing list. I saved them in my github space and you can download them as follows:

git clone -b example-config-2.4.0 https://github.com/sagredo-dev/dovecot-conf.git

Check that the PATH and MANPATH variables are already set in your /etc/profile.d/qmail.sh:

export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/dovecot/bin
export MANPATH=$MANPATH:/usr/local/dovecot/share/man

Download my dovecot's config files

Download from here

I strongly suggest to use my config files and then customize them editing the local.conf file.

DOVECOT_CONFIG_VER=2025.02.15

cd /usr/local/dovecot
mv etc etc-bak
wget https://github.com/sagredo-dev/dovecot-conf/archive/refs/tags/v${DOVECOT_CONFIG_VER}.tar.gz
tar xzf v${DOVECOT_CONFIG_VER}.tar.gz
ln -s dovecot-conf-${DOVECOT_CONFIG_VER} etc
cd etc/dovecot
chown -R root:root .

Rename the local.conf.template file and adjust it to your needs:

mv local.conf.template local.conf

dovecot.conf

# Default values are shown for each setting, it's not required to uncomment 
# those. These are exceptions to this though: No sections (e.g. namespace {}) 
# or plugin settings are added by default, they're listed only as examples. 
# Paths are also just examples with the real defaults being based on configure 
# options. The paths listed here are for configure --prefix=/usr/local 
# --sysconfdir=/usr/local/etc --localstatedir=/var 
dovecot_config_version = 2.4.0 
dovecot_storage_version = 2.4.0

# Protocols we want to be serving. 
protocols { 
 imap = yes 
 pop3 = yes 
} 

# A comma separated list of IPs or hosts where to listen in for connections. 
# "*" listens in all IPv4 interfaces, "::" listens in all IPv6 interfaces. 
# If you want to specify non-default ports or anything more complex, 
# edit conf.d/master.conf. 
listen { 
* = yes 
:: = no 
}

# Most of the actual configuration gets included below. The filenames are 
# first sorted by their ASCII value and parsed in that order. The 00-prefixes 
# in filenames are intended to make it easier to understand the ordering.
!include conf.d/*.conf 

# A config file can also tried to be included without giving an error if 
# it's not found: 
!include_try local.conf

Note that all conf.d/*.conf files will be included, so rename what is not needed.

10-auth.conf

Starting from version 2.3.13 the vpopmail-auth driver has been removed. Those who want to stick with the old vpopmail can refer to the patch maintained by Ali Erturk TURKER, which restores to life that original vpopmail-auth driver. This driver is not available for dovecot 2.4.

What follows concerns the sql driver configuration. In my opinion sql is preferable because the vpopmail driver misses the iteration feature, which is needed to expunge old junk and trash mails, a task that will be not easy to achieve without it.

# if the roundcube connection is from the local net this is secure provided that the 143 port is firewalled for the outnet
# put yes if you have roundcube on localhost
auth_allow_cleartext = yes

auth_mechanisms = plain login # the sql drivers requires that the pwd is transmitted with no encryption

# !include auth-system.conf.ext # now commented out
!include auth-sql.conf.ext

auth-sql.conf.ext

NB: the password_query requires that you installed the aliasdomains dbtable as explained here.

# https://doc.dovecot.org/latest/core/config/auth/databases/sql.html#mysql 
sql_driver = mysql 
# Default password scheme. 
# List of supported schemes is in 
# https://doc.dovecot.org/latest/core/config/auth/schemes.html 
# This is important if you have old MD5-CRYPT passwords accepted
auth_allow_weak_schemes = yes 
passdb_default_password_scheme = SHA512-CRYPT 

# The mysqld.sock socket may be in different locations in different systems. 
#mysql /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock { 
# overwritten by local.conf 
#mysql localhost { 
#  user = vpopmail 
#  password = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 
#  dbname = vpopmail 
#}

# grab the sql queries for the specific situation 

# auth-sql --enable-many-domains --enable--sql-aliasdomain --enable-mysql-limits 
!include sql-query-default.conf.ext 

# auth-sql --disable-many-domains --enable--sql-aliasdomain --enable-mysql-limits 
#!include sql-query--disable-many-domains.conf.ext

The sql query will be different depending if you have configured vpopmail with --disable-many-domains (default configuration suggested in this guide) or not

sql-query-default.conf.ext

This is the default file for --disable-many-domains.

passdb sql { 
 # passdb query to retrieve the password. It can return fields: 
 #   password - The user's password. This field must be returned. 
 #   user - user@domain from the database. Needed with case-insensitive lookups. 
 #   username and domain - An alternative way to represent the "user" field. 
 # 
 # The "user" field is often necessary with case-insensitive lookups to avoid 
 # e.g. "name" and "nAme" logins creating two different mail directories. If 
 # your user and domain names are in separate fields, you can return "username" 
 # and "domain" fields instead of "user". 

 # (Thanks to Arturo Blanco for his hints concerning vpopmail limits 
 #  and to Alexandre Fonceca for the quota_rule addition) 

 # NB: This query requires the sql-aliasdomains feature 
 #     and that you have added the aliasdomains db table 
 #     More info here More info here https://notes.sagredo.eu/en/qmail-notes-185/dovecot-vpopmail-auth-driver-removal-migrating-to-the-sql-driver-241.html 

 query = \ 
       SELECT \ 
               CONCAT(vpopmail.pw_name, '@', vpopmail.pw_domain) AS user, \ 
               vpopmail.pw_passwd AS password, \ 
               vpopmail.pw_dir AS userdb_home, \ 
               89 AS userdb_uid, \ 
               89 AS userdb_gid, \ 
               CONCAT('*:bytes=', REPLACE(SUBSTRING_INDEX(vpopmail.pw_shell, 'S', 1), 'NOQUOTA', '0')) AS userdb_quota_rule \ 
       FROM vpopmail \ 
               LEFT JOIN aliasdomains ON aliasdomains.alias='%{user | domain}' \ 
               LEFT JOIN limits ON limits.domain='%{user | domain}' \ 
       WHERE \ 
               vpopmail.pw_name='%{user | username}' \ 
               AND \ 
               (vpopmail.pw_domain='%{user | domain}' OR vpopmail.pw_domain=aliasdomains.domain) \ 
               AND \ 
               ('%{local_port}'!='995' OR !(vpopmail.pw_gid & 2)) \ 
               AND \ 
               ('%{remote_ip}'!='127.0.0.1' OR !(vpopmail.pw_gid & 4)) \ 
               AND \ 
               ('%{remote_ip}'='127.0.0.1' OR '%{local_port}'!='993' OR !(vpopmail.pw_gid & 8)) \ 
               AND \ 
               ('%{remote_ip}'!='127.0.0.1' OR COALESCE(disable_webmail,0)!=1) \ 
               AND \ 
               ('%{remote_ip}'='127.0.0.1' OR COALESCE(disable_imap,0)!=1) 

 # 127.0.0.1 is the IP of your webmail  
 # I'm assuming that the imap connection is only on port 993 and the pop3 connection is on port 995.  
 # Adjust to your needs  

 # logically this means:  
 #  
 # ************************** USER LIMITS via vpopmail.pw_gid filed  
 # SELECT user  
 # WHEN POP is not disabled for that user connecting on port 995 (995 is the pop3s port allowed from remote in my configuration)  
 # AND WHEN webmail access is not disabled for that user when connecting from 127.0.0.1  
 # AND WHEN IMAP is not disabled for that user connecting on port 993 (993 is the imap port allowed from remote  
 # in my configuration) unless his remote ip the one belonging to the webmail  
 #  
 # ************************* DOMAIN LIMITS via limits table  
 # AND WHEN WEBMAIL access for the domain is not disabled  
 # AND WHEN IMAP access for the domain is not disabled when not connecting from 127.0.0.1 
} 

# "prefetch" user database means that the passdb already provided the 
# needed information and there's no need to do a separate userdb lookup. 
# https://doc.dovecot.org/configuration_manual/authentication/prefetch_userdb/ 
userdb prefetch { 
 driver = prefetch 
} 

# This is needed for LDA and for the iteration feature. They both need a userdb sql query. 
# The order of the declared drivers is important. Leave this at the end, otherwise 
# it will be used also for the login instead of the prefetch, which is faster. 
userdb sql { 
 userdb_sql_query = \ 
   SELECT \ 
       vpopmail.pw_dir AS home, \ 
       89 AS uid, \ 
       89 AS gid \ 
   FROM vpopmail \ 
   WHERE \ 
       vpopmail.pw_name='%{user | username}' \ 
       AND \ 
       vpopmail.pw_domain='%{user | domain}' 

 # Query to get a list of all usernames. 
 userdb_sql_iterate_query = SELECT CONCAT(pw_name,'@',pw_domain) AS user FROM vpopmail 
}

"One table per domain" query

Download the sql procedures

The above solution has to be enhanced when you store your accounts in one table for each domain (--disable-many-domains), because you have to retrieve the real domain in case of aliases, guess the dbtable and then execute the passdb query and the userdb query. This task can be accomplished by "stored procedures" (thanks to Pablo Murillo for sharing his sql example).

I have created two procedures, one to be used for the passdb query and another one to be used for the userdb query. They do the sql stuff.

You have to include the file sql-query--disable-many-domains.conf.ext in auth-sql.conf.ext:

# auth-sql --enable-many-domains --enable--sql-aliasdomain --enable-mysql-limits 
#!include sql-query-default.conf.ext 

# auth-sql --disable-many-domains --enable--sql-aliasdomain --enable-mysql-limits 
!include sql-query--disable-many-domains.conf.ext

In the sql-query--disable-many-domains.conf.ext file you have the call for the above mentioned procedures:

passdb sql {
 # passdb query to retrieve the password

 # Thanks to Pablo Murillo for sharing his sql example
 query = CALL dovecot_password_query_disable_many_domains('%{user | username}','%{user | domain}','127.0.0.1','%{remote_ip}','%{local_port}')
} 

userdb prefetch { 
 driver = prefetch 
} 

# This is needed for LDA and for the iteration feature. They both need a userdb sql query. 
# The order of the declared drivers is important. Leave this at the end, otherwise 
# it will be used also for the login instead of the prefetch, which is faster. 
userdb sql { 
 userdb_sql_query = CALL dovecot_user_query_disable_many_domains('%{user | username}','%{user | domain}')
}

To install the procedures you have to download and execute the code above as follows. This is not needed in case of a fresh installation of vpopmail.

wget https://notes.sagredo.eu/files/qmail/patches/vpopmail/disable-many-domains_procedures.txt
mysql < disable-many-domains_procedures.txt -u root -p

10-logging.conf

Set your log destination. I prefer to have a dedicated logfile for dovecot (default is syslog)

log_path = /var/log/dovecot/dovecot.log
# Log file to use for debug messages. Defaults to info_log_path. 
debug_log_path = /var/log/dovecot/dovecot.log

To enable debug just uncomment this line in your local.conf:

log_debug = (category=imap AND category=mail AND category=auth AND category=ssl)

Logrotate

Save the below scriptlet as /etc/logrotate.d/dovecot:

cat > /etc/logrotate.d/dovecot << __EOF__
/var/log/dovecot/*.log {
missingok
notifempty
delaycompress
sharedscripts
postrotate
/usr/local/dovecot/bin/doveadm log reopen
endscript
}
__EOF__

10-mail.conf

We have to tell dovecot which is the mailbox location. It will look for the Maildir in the home directory (%h):

# Mailbox format 
mail_driver = maildir 
# Path to a directory where the mail is stored. 
# Mail User Variables are commonly used here. 
# Specific to mail_driver setting 
mail_path = ~/Maildir 

# this is to allow special characters like '.' in mailboxes like in Junk.TeachSpam 
# https://doc.dovecot.org/latest/core/config/mailbox/mail_location.html#mailbox_list_validate_fs_names 
mailbox_list_validate_fs_names = no

namespace inbox {
 # There can be only one INBOX, and this setting defines which namespace 
 # has it. 
 inbox = yes
}

Set to 89 (vpopmail userid number) the mail_uid and mail_gid. The same for the valid first/last id as you want to manage only vpopmail users:

mail_uid = 89
mail_gid = 89

mail_privileged_group = 89
mail_access_groups = 89

first_valid_uid = 89
last_valid_uid = 89

first_valid_gid = 89
last_valid_gid = 89

Adjust the socket:

auth_socket_path = /usr/local/dovecot/var/run/dovecot/auth-userdb

Set the default plugins

# Space separated list of plugins to load for all services. Plugins specific to 
# IMAP, LDA, etc. are added to this list in their own .conf files. 
mail_plugins { 
 fts = yes 
 fts_solr = yes 
 notify = yes 
 quota = yes 
}

Finally, this has to be enabled because of the troubles caused by a broken maildir++ patch (now repaired, tx MG)

##
## Maildir-specific settings
##

# If enabled, Dovecot doesn't use the S=<size> in the Maildir filenames for
# getting the mail's physical size, except when recalculating Maildir++ quota.
# This can be useful in systems where a lot of the Maildir filenames have a
# broken size. The performance hit for enabling this is very small.
maildir_broken_filename_sizes = yes

10-master.conf

Read carefully this before continuing.

# Login user is internally used by login processes. This is the most untrusted
# user in Dovecot system. It shouldn't have access to anything at all.
# default_login_user = vpopmail # not working here

# Internal user is used by unprivileged processes. It should be separate from
# login user, so that login processes can't disturb other processes.
default_internal_user = dovecot

service imap-login {
  inet_listener imap {
    #port = 143
  }
  inet_listener imaps {
    #port = 993
    #ssl = yes
  }
}

service pop3-login {
  inet_listener pop3 {
    #port = 110
  }
  inet_listener pop3s {
    #port = 995
    #ssl = yes
  }
}

service imap {
  # executable = imap postlogin
}

service pop3 {
  # executable = pop3 postlogin
}

# Updates the vpopmail.lastauth table on login. Uncomment the executable on imap and pop3 
service postlogin { 
 # path is relative to /usr/local/dovecot/libexec/dovecot/ 
 executable = script-login ../../etc/scripts/dovecot_postlogin.sh
 user = vpopmail
 unix_listener postlogin { 
   user = vpopmail
   group = vchkpw 
   mode = 0660 
 } 
}

service auth {
 # auth_socket_path points to this userdb socket by default. It's typically 
 # used by dovecot-lda, doveadm, possibly imap process, etc. Users that have 
 # full permissions to this socket are able to get a list of all usernames and 
 # get the results of everyone's userdb lookups. 
 # 
 # The default 0666 mode allows anyone to connect to the socket, but the 
 # userdb lookups will succeed only if the userdb returns an "uid" field that 
 # matches the caller process's UID. Also if caller's uid or gid matches the 
 # socket's uid or gid the lookup succeeds. Anything else causes a failure. 
 # 
 # To give the caller full permissions to lookup all users, set the mode to 
 # something else than 0666 and Dovecot lets the kernel enforce the 
 # permissions (e.g. 0777 allows everyone full permissions). 
 unix_listener auth-userdb { 
   mode = 0660
   user = vpopmail 
   group = vchkpw
 }

  # Auth process is run as this user.
  user = $SET:default_internal_user
}

service auth-worker {
 # Auth worker process is run as root by default, so that it can access 
 # /etc/shadow. If this isn't necessary, the user should be changed to 
 # $SET:default_internal_user. 
 user = $SET:default_internal_user
}

You may want to run the postlogin script /usr/local/dovecot/etc/scripts/dovecot_postlogin.sh to update the vpopmail.lastauth SQL table on login. In this case uncomment the executable line in the imap and pop3 services and give it the x flag.

chmod +x /usr/local/dovecot/etc/scripts/dovecot_postlogin.sh

10-metrics.conf

service stats { 
   unix_listener stats-reader { 
   user = vpopmail 
   group = vchkpw 
   mode = 0660 
 } 
 unix_listener stats-writer { 
   user = vpopmail 
   group = vchkpw 
   mode = 0660 
 } 
}

10-ssl.conf

Of course we want SSL support. First of all let's create a self-signed SSL certificate. Dovecot includes a script to build self-signed SSL certificates using OpenSSL; you can find it in doc/mkcert.sh:

cd /usr/local/src/dovecot/doc

mkcert.sh will create the SSL certificate. Before running mkcert.sh you have to customize the cert editing dovecot-openssl.cnf (in the same folder):

> nano dovecot-openssl.cnf

[ req ]
default_bits = 4096
encrypt_key = yes
distinguished_name = req_dn
x509_extensions = cert_type
prompt = no

[ req_dn ]
# country (2 letter code)
C=IT

# State or Province Name (full name)
ST=Italy

# Locality Name (eg. city)
L=MyLocality

# Organization (eg. company)
O=My Organization Name

# Organizational Unit Name (eg. section)
OU=IMAP server

# Common Name (*.example.com is also possible)
CN=mymailserver.net

# E-mail contact
emailAddress=postmaster@mymailserver.net

[ cert_type ]
nsCertType = server

Now we are ready to create the SSL certificate:

> sh mkcert.sh

and the files /etc/ssl/private/dovecot.pem and /etc/ssl/certs/dovecot.pem have been created. Remember their locations because you have to insert them in 10-ssl.conf or better in your local.conf:

ssl_server_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/dovecot.pem
ssl_server_cert_file = /etc/ssl/private/dovecot.pem

Remember also to switch off SSLv3 because of security reasons:

ssl_min_protocol = TLSv1

Installing a valid certificate

When your configuration is finished and you have your server working, it will be the case to install a valid certificate, following the directives from the page "Installing a valid SSL certificate". Once you obtain the certificate, you just have to adjust these two lines in your local.conf:

ssl_server_cert_file = /etc/dehydrated/certs/mx.mydomain.tld/fullchain.pem
ssl_server_cert_file = /etc/dehydrated/certs/mx.mydomain.tld/privkey.pem

Be aware that in version 2.4 there is no "<" prefix anymore in the certificate path.

15-lda.conf

As I already said dovecot will also act as an LDA because we want to manage sieve rules and filter our incoming emails.

# These two can be overwritten in your local.conf
postmaster_address = postmaster@yourdomain.net
hostname = mail.yourdomain.net

protocol lda { 
 # Boolean list of plugins to load 
 mail_plugins { 
   # overwrite in local.conf. Disabled to let dovecot start without sieve installed
   # sieve = yes 
 } 
}

15-mailboxes.conf

The autoexpunge setting assures the expunge of Trash and Junk folders after a certain number of days.

##
## Mailbox definitions
##

# NOTE: Assumes "namespace inbox" has been defined in 10-mail.conf.
namespace inbox {
  # These mailboxes are widely used and could perhaps be created automatically: 
 mailbox Drafts { 
   special_use = \Drafts 
   auto = subscribe 
 } 
 mailbox Junk { 
   special_use = \Junk 
   autoexpunge = 30d 
 } 
 mailbox Junk.TeachSpam { 
   auto = subscribe 
   autoexpunge = 30d 
 } 
 mailbox Junk.TeachNotSpam { 
   auto = subscribe 
   autoexpunge = 30d 
 } 
 mailbox Trash { 
   special_use = \Trash 
   autoexpunge = 60d 
 }

 # For \Sent mailboxes there are two widely used names. We'll mark both of 
 # them as \Sent. User typically deletes one of them if duplicates are created. 
 mailbox Sent { 
   special_use = \Sent 
 } 
 mailbox "Sent Messages" { 
   special_use = \Sent 
 }
}

20-imap.conf

protocol imap {
 # Space separated list of plugins to load (default is global mail_plugins). 
 mail_plugins { 
    notify = yes 
    mail_log = yes 
    imap_sieve = yes 
    imap_quota = yes 
 }
}

20-pop3.conf

protocol pop3 {
 # Space separated list of plugins to load (default is global mail_plugins). 
 mail_plugins { 
   notify = yes 
   mail_log = yes 
 }
}

90-quota.conf

Enable maildir++ in this way

quota "User quota" { 
 driver = maildir 
 enforce = no 
}

rblsmtpd

Running

dovecot

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Comments

dovecot 2.4.0: pop3 connection hangs with postlogin script enabled

Gabriel Torres February 7, 2025 23:10 CET

Hi Roberto,

Here the dovecot 2.4.0 pop3 connection hangs after login when the postlogin script is enabled. Disabling this script at 10-master solved the issue. IMAP connections work fine with the postlogin script enabled. This is something to be further investigated.

Cheers!